Joins and aliases

Estimated time: 45 minutes

Overview

Questions

• How do I join two tables if they share a common point of information?
• How can I use aliases to improve my queries?

Objectives

• Understand how to link tables together via joins.
• Understand when it is valuable to use aliases or shorthand.

Joins

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The SQL JOIN clause allows us to combine columns from one or more tables in a database by using values common to each. It follows the FROM clause in a SQL statement. We also need to tell the computer which columns provide the link between the two tables using the word ON.

Let’s start by joining data from the articles table with the journals table. The ISSNs columns in both these tables links them.

SQL

SELECT *
FROM articles
JOIN journals
ON articles.ISSNs = journals.ISSNs;

ON is similar to WHERE, it filters things out according to a test condition. We use the table.colname format to tell the SQL manager what column in which table we are referring to.

We can represent a LEFT join using the following diagram.

Alternatively, we can use the word USING, as a short-hand. In this case we are telling DB Browser that we want to combine articles with journals and that the common column is ISSNs.

SQL

SELECT *
FROM articles
JOIN journals
USING (ISSNs);

This figure shows the relations between the tables and helps to visualise joining or linking the tables in the database: We will cover relational database design in the next episode. In addition to visual above, SQL Join Types Explained Visually provides visual/animated examples to help convey to learners what is happening in SQL JOINs.

When joining tables, you can specify the columns you want by using table.colname instead of selecting all the columns using *. For example:

SQL

SELECT articles.ISSNs, journals.Journal_Title, articles.Title,
       articles.First_Author, articles.Month, articles.Year
FROM articles
JOIN journals
ON articles.ISSNs = journals.ISSNs;

Joins can be combined with sorting, filtering, and aggregation. So, if we wanted the average number of authors for articles on each journal, we can use the following query:

SQL

SELECT articles.ISSNs, journals.Journal_Title,
       ROUND(AVG(articles.Author_Count), 2)
FROM articles
JOIN journals
ON articles.ISSNs = journals.ISSNs
GROUP BY articles.ISSNs;

The ROUND function allows us to round the Author_Count number returned by the AVG function by 2 decimal places.

Challenge

Write a query that JOINS the articles and journals tables and that returns the Journal_Title, total number of articles published and average number of citations for every journal ISSN.

Show me the solution

SQL

SELECT journals.Journal_Title, COUNT(*), AVG(articles.Citation_Count)
FROM articles
JOIN journals
ON articles.ISSNs = journals.ISSNs
GROUP BY articles.ISSNs;

You can also join multiple tables. For example:

SQL

SELECT articles.Title, articles.First_Author, journals.Journal_Title, publishers.Publisher
FROM articles
JOIN journals
ON articles.ISSNs = journals.ISSNs
JOIN publishers
ON publishers.id = journals.PublisherId;

Challenge

Write a query that returns the Journal_Title, Publisher name, and number of articles published, ordered by number of articles in descending order.

Show me the solution

SQL

SELECT journals.Journal_Title, publishers.Publisher, COUNT(*)
FROM articles
JOIN journals
ON articles.ISSNs = journals.ISSNs
JOIN publishers
ON publishers.id = journals.PublisherId
GROUP BY Journal_Title
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;

There are different types of joins which you can learn more about at SQL Joins Explained.

Aliases

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As queries get more complex, names can get long and unwieldy. To help make things clearer we can use aliases to assign new names to items in the query.

We can alias both table names:

SQL

SELECT ar.Title, ar.First_Author, jo.Journal_Title
FROM articles AS ar
JOIN journals AS jo
ON ar.ISSNs = jo.ISSNs;

And column names:

SQL

SELECT ar.title AS title,
       ar.first_author AS author,
       jo.journal_title AS journal
FROM articles AS ar
JOIN journals AS jo
ON ar.issns = jo.issns;

The AS isn’t technically required, so you could do:

SQL

SELECT a.Title t
FROM articles a;

But using AS is much clearer so it is good style to include it.

Key Points

• Joining two tables in SQL is an good way to analyse datasets, especially when both datasets provide partial answers to questions you want to ask.
• Creating aliases allows us to spend less time typing, and more time querying!