Variables and Assignment

Last updated on 2023-05-08 | Edit this page

Overview

Questions

  • How can I store data in programs?

Objectives

  • Write programs that assign values to variables and perform calculations with those values.
  • Correctly trace value changes in programs that use assignment.

Use variables to store values.

  • Variables are names for values.
  • In Python the = symbol assigns the value on the right to the name on the left.
  • The variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
  • Here, Python assigns an age to a variable age and a name in quotation marks to a variable first_name.

PYTHON 

age = 42
first_name = 'Ahmed'
  • Variable names:
    • cannot start with a digit
    • cannot contain spaces, quotation marks, or other punctuation
    • may contain an underscore (typically used to separate words in long variable names)
  • Underscores at the start like __alistairs_real_age have a special meaning so we won’t do that until we understand the convention.

Use print to display values.

  • Python has a built-in function called print that prints things as text.
  • Call the function (i.e., tell Python to run it) by using its name.
  • Provide values to the function (i.e., the things to print) in parentheses.
  • To add a string to the printout, wrap the string in single quotations.
  • The values passed to the function are called ‘arguments’

PYTHON 

print(first_name, 'is', age, 'years old')

OUTPUT 

Ahmed is 42 years old
  • print automatically puts a single space between items to separate them.
  • And wraps around to a new line at the end.

Variables must be created before they are used.

  • If a variable doesn’t exist yet, or if the name has been mis-spelled, Python reports an error.
    • Unlike some languages, which “guess” a default value.

PYTHON 

print(eye_color)

ERROR 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-1-c1fbb4e96102> in <module>()
----> 1 print(eye_color)

NameError: name 'eye_color' is not defined
  • The last line of an error message is usually the most informative.
  • We will look at error messages in detail later.

Variables Persist Between Cells

Variables defined in one cell exist in all other cells once executed, so the relative location of cells in the notebook do not matter (i.e., cells lower down can still affect those above). Remember: Notebook cells are just a way to organize a program: as far as Python is concerned, all of the source code is one long set of instructions.

Variables can be used in calculations.

  • We can use variables in calculations just as if they were values.
    • Remember, we assigned 42 to age a few lines ago.

PYTHON 

age = age + 3
print('Age in three years:', age)

OUTPUT 

Age in three years: 45

Use an index to get a single character from a string.

  • The characters (individual letters, numbers, and so on) in a string are ordered. For example, the string ‘AB’ is not the same as ‘BA’. Because of this ordering, we can treat the string as a list of characters.
  • Each position in the string (first, second, etc.) is given a number. This number is called an index or sometimes a subscript.
  • Indices are numbered from 0 rather than 1.
  • Use the position’s index in square brackets to get the character at that position.

PYTHON 

element = 'helium'
print(element[0])

OUTPUT 

h

Use a slice to get a substring.

  • A part of a string is called a substring. A substring can be as short as a single character.
  • An item in a list is called an element. Whenever we treat a string as if it were a list, the string’s elements are its individual characters.
  • A slice is a part of a string (or, more generally, any list-like thing).
  • We take a slice by using [start:stop], where start is replaced with the index of the first element we want and stop is replaced with the index of the element just after the last element we want.
  •   Mathematically, you might say that a slice selects [start:stop].
  • The difference between stop and start is the slice’s length.
  • Taking a slice does not change the contents of the original string. Instead, the slice is a copy of part of the original string.

PYTHON 

element = 'sodium'
print(element[0:3])

OUTPUT 

sod

Use the built-in function len to find the length of a string.

PYTHON 

print(len('helium'))

OUTPUT 

6
  • Nested functions are evaluated from the inside out, just like in mathematics.

Python is case-sensitive.

  • Python thinks that upper- and lower-case letters are different, so Name and name are different variables.
  • There are conventions for using upper-case letters at the start of variable names so we will use lower-case letters for now.

Use meaningful variable names.

  • Python doesn’t care what you call variables as long as they obey the rules (alphanumeric characters and the underscore).

PYTHON 

flabadab = 42
ewr_422_yY = 'Ahmed'
print(ewr_422_yY, 'is', flabadab, 'years old')
  • Use meaningful variable names to help other people understand what the program does.
  • The most important “other person” is your future self.

Swapping Values

Draw a table showing the values of the variables in this program after each statement is executed. In simple terms, what do the last three lines of this program do?

PYTHON 

x = 1.0
y = 3.0
swap = x
x = y
y = swap
swap = x  #  x->1.0 y->3.0 swap->1.0
x = y     #  x->3.0 y->3.0 swap->1.0
y = swap  #  x->3.0 y->1.0 swap->1.0

These three lines exchange the values in x and y using the swap variable for temporary storage. This is a fairly common programming idiom.

Predicting Values

What is the final value of position in the program below? (Try to predict the value without running the program, then check your prediction.)

PYTHON 

initial = "left"
position = initial
initial = "right"

PYTHON 

initial = "left"  # Initial is assigned the string "left"
position = initial  # Position is assigned the variable initial, currently "left"
initial = "right"  # Initial is assigned the string "right"
print(position)

OUTPUT 

left

The last assignment to position was “left”

Can you slice integers?

If you assign a = 123, what happens if you try to get the second digit of a?

Numbers are not stored in the written representation, so they can’t be treated like strings.

PYTHON 

a = 123
print(a[1])

ERROR 

TypeError: 'int' object is not subscriptable

Choosing a Name

Which is a better variable name, m, min, or minutes? Why? Hint: think about which code you would rather inherit from someone who is leaving the library:

  1. ts = m * 60 + s
  2. tot_sec = min * 60 + sec
  3. total_seconds = minutes * 60 + seconds

minutes is better because min might mean something like “minimum” (and actually does in Python, but we haven’t seen that yet).

Slicing

What does the following program print?

PYTHON 

library_name = 'social sciences'
print('library_name[1:3] is:', library_name[1:3])
  1. What does thing[low:high] do?
  2. What does thing[low:] (without a value after the colon) do?
  3. What does thing[:high] (without a value before the colon) do?
  4. What does thing[:] (just a colon) do?
  5. What does thing[number:negative-number] do?

OUTPUT 

library_name[1:3] is: oc
  1. It will slice the string, starting at the low index and ending an element before the high index
  2. It will slice the string, starting at the low index and stopping at the end of the string
  3. It will slice the string, starting at the beginning on the string, and ending an element before the high index
  4. It will print the entire string
  5. It will slice the string, starting the number index, and ending a distance of the absolute value of negative-number elements from the end of the string

Key Points

  • Use variables to store values.
  • Use print to display values.
  • Variables persist between cells.
  • Variables must be created before they are used.
  • Variables can be used in calculations.
  • Use an index to get a single character from a string.
  • Use a slice to get a substring.
  • Use the built-in function len to find the length of a string.
  • Python is case-sensitive.
  • Use meaningful variable names.